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The Association of Professional Florists



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ELEMENTS and PRINCIPLES
of FLORAL DESIGN

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based on
“The AIFD Guide to Floral Design”

The Elements of Design

The directly observable components, ingredients, and physical characteristics of design.

LINE – the vital visual path that directs eye movement through a composition

FORM – the shape or configuration of an individual component of the composition and/or the overall, three-dimensional,  geometric shape or configuration of a floral composition

SPACE – the area in, around, and between the components of the design, defined by the three-dimensional area occupied by the composition

TEXTURE – the surface quality of a material, as perceived by sight or touch

PATTERN – 1. A repeated combination of line, form, color, texture, and/or space  2. The silhouette of a flower or an arrangement as observetd against its background, including solids and spaces

FRAGRANCE – a sweet or pleasing odor, perceived by the sense of smell

SIZE – the physical dimensions of line, form, or space

COLOR – the visual response of the eye to reflected rays of light


The Principles of Design

Fundamental guidelines to aesthetic design that govern the organization of the elements and materials in accordance with the laws of nature.

Some primary principles of design are associated with related secondary principles of design.


Primary and Secondary Principles
of Floral Design


BALANCE – a state of equilibrium, actual or visual; a feeling of three-dimensional stability

PROPORTION – the comparative relationship in size, quantity, and degree of emphasis among components within the composition; the relationship of one portion to another, or of one portion to the whole

SCALE – the relative ratio of size, or the relationship of the size of the environment

DOMINANCE – the visual organization within a design that emphasizes one or more aspects.  When one element is emphasized, others are subordinate

EMPHASIS – the special attention or importance given to one or  more areas within a design

FOCAL AREA/FOCAL POINT – the area(s) of greatest visual impact or weight; the center(s) of interest to which the eye is most naturally drawn.

ACCENT – detail added to a design to provide additional interest, affecting the total character of the composition

CONTRAST – emphasis by means of difference; strength through opposition

OPPOSITION – contrast between elements which are counterpoint in relation to each other, bringing about a sense of tension in a design

TENSION – the dynamic, aesthetic quality achieved by the skillful  use of opposition, implying or suggesting a sense of energy

VARIATION – dissimilarity among attributes or characteristics

RHYTHM – visual movement through a design, usually achieved through repetition or gradation

DEPTH – the placement of materials at different levels within and around an arrangement

REPETITION – the recurrence of the elements within a composition

TRANSITION – the ease of visual movement which results from gradual degrees of change among one or more of  the elements

HARMONY – compatibility; a pleasing or congruent arrangement of parts

UNITY – oneness of purpose, thought, style, and spirit


THE ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES of design are the building blocks of every successful composition, and mastery of them is fundamental.  In fact, they apply to every form of artistic endeavor and are not restricted to floral design alone.  The Principles are the time-honored conventions and guidelines that tell us how to assemble the Elements - the physical characteristics of the design components – into pleasing and satisfying flower arrangements.”

The AIFD Guide to Floral Design


“A floral artist learns to see any given plant material in terms of its
elemental qualities…the line of its stem, the shape of its bud, the color of its petals, the texture of its leaves, etc.  By skillfully applying the principles of design to combine these characteristics with those of other plant materials – or with containers, props, accessories, and the surrounding environment – the desired composition takes shape.  An intuitive designer understands the mood and energy expressed by a single, shapely and colorful blossom or by the sinuous contortions of a piece of driftwood, and acts accordingly.”

The AIFD Guide to Floral Design


“Just as a furniture maker uses tools to manipulate his lumber, adds some paint or varnish, perhaps some fabric, and a selection of hardware to realize his vision of a chair, so does a floral designer apply the
principles of design to the elements at hand, to produce new floral compositions that are limited only by the imagination of the artist.”

The AIFD Guide to Floral Design

For a floral designer, the elements and principles extend beyond the floral composition itself.  From a sales perspective, they apply to visual merchandising in that the elements of an effective display must be arranged according to the principles of design so as to generate interest and appeal in the mind of a potential customer.  They pertain as well, to the placement of a flower arrangement within its surrounding environment, whether it is a private living room or a commercial office space.  The floral design should express a harmonious relationship with its setting.”

The AIFD Guide to Floral Design

“A beginning flower arranger may feel intimidated by the elements and principles of design.  But rather than being limiting and restrictive, they actually provide us limitless possibilities, for they are the keys that unlock the secrets of pleasing floral design.”

The AIFD Guide to Floral Design



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